The first coffee in England is thought to have been brewed in 1637 by Nathaniel Conopios from Crete, a student at Balliol College, Oxford. This led to the first English coffee house being opened in Oxford in 1650 by Jacob, a Lebanese Jew.
Oxford Colleges and Oxford Coffee Houses
As in London’s coffee houses where sections of society gravitated to their own particular establishment, in Oxford each college had its meeting place. Among them
- Harper’s was patronised by Queens College and Magdalen College;
- Bagg’s by New College , Hertford College, Wadham College;
- Malbon’s by Trinity College;
- Horseman’s by All Souls College, Corpus Christi College , Merton College and Oriel Collegel.
A significant coffee house was opened by Arthur Tillyard in 1655. Tillyard's was the meeting place of the Oxford Chemical Club, a group of leading scientists , including Sir Robert Boyle, and their students. From this Club the Royal Society would emerge.
Oxford Coffee Houses and Early Radical Publications
Regular publications such as political pamphlets and newspapers were the lifeblood of the coffee houses. The proprietors ordered these publications for their clients’ free perusal, and coffee house gossip and scandal provided hot topics for the same publications, many of which were anti-Government and anti-University. In 1711 the Vice-Chancellor of Oxford banned the sale of The Medley and in 1720 Terrae Filius, both publications being critical of the University.
Oxford Coffee Houses as Centres of Radical Thought
The City Council and the University authorities kept a sharp eye on these establishments. Here political ideas were openly discussed, newspapers freely available and status irrelevant. Students could escape the stultifying atmosphere of University life by discussing inter-departmental gossip and exchanging ideas on educational and political reform.
Charles II Orders Closure of Coffee Houses
Such was the concern that coffee houses could become political hotbeds of Jacobin revolt that on 29th December 1675 Charles II ordered their closure. The outcry was so widespread that Charles had to rescind the proclamation in January 1676.
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